What actually happens
An employee who lives in Illinois and performs work in Iowa sits in two tax systems at once. The residence state claims the right to tax all of a resident's income wherever earned; the work state claims the right to tax income sourced within its borders. Iowa and Illinois resolved that overlap by agreement: the work state gives up its claim on commuters' wages entirely.
The certificate is not optional
Reciprocity does not apply automatically because the employee's address is in Illinois. It applies when the employee gives you a signed 44-016 (Employee's Statement of Nonresidence in Iowa). Until that form is in your hands you are required to withhold Iowa tax, and an auditor will ask to see it. The form stays in your records; it is not filed with the state.
Unemployment insurance goes to one state only
Income tax can be split between states. Unemployment insurance cannot. Under the localization test used by every state, an employee whose services are performed entirely in Iowa is covered by Iowa for unemployment purposes, and all wages are reported there — regardless of where they live, where you are headquartered, or which state's income tax you withhold. Iowa's 2026 taxable wage base is $20,400. The four-factor test in order.
Local taxes are a separate problem
Iowa: Iowa school districts may levy an income surtax and counties may levy an emergency services surtax, both computed as a percentage of state income tax liability. These are assessed on the individual's Iowa return -- they are NOT withheld by the employer through payroll.
What you have to register for
| Obligation | State | Agency |
|---|---|---|
| Income tax withholding | Illinois | Illinois Department of Revenue |
| Unemployment insurance | Iowa | Iowa Workforce Development |
Frequently asked
Do Iowa and Illinois have a reciprocal tax agreement?
Yes. Iowa exempts Illinois residents from Iowa income tax withholding on wages, provided the employee files 44-016 with their employer. Without that form on file the employer must still withhold Iowa tax.
Which state's income tax should be withheld?
Illinois. Under the agreement the wages are taxable only by the state of residence, so you withhold Illinois tax and stop withholding Iowa tax once the certificate is filed.
Which state gets the unemployment insurance wages?
Iowa. Unemployment coverage is never split between states for a single job. The localization test assigns the whole job to the state where services are performed, which here is Iowa, regardless of residence or where the employer is headquartered.